Social Biases Essay Example for Free

Social preconcepti wholenesss EssayDr. Deirdre Teaford Abstract People behave differently toward other culture and groups and discriminate in many forms of favorable bias. These biases can usurpation harshly an individualists c arer and loving life. Discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes can influence adversely an individuals quality of life. The concept is more(prenominal) prevalent in society that most people realize. This bother could be unfavorable to group cohesion, cooperation, and the success of society. populace prefer to go with the flow of a crowd. When an idea is chosen by the masses (an entire nations or a small group), the individualized brain enters a kind of hive mind mentality. This causes loving norms and behaviors to propagate among the individuals regardless of the evidence in support. This type of social bias is built with the desire to conform or fit in. Social biases have been a barrier humans have experienced from generation to generation. They father short cuts to make smell of the world.Humans have made rash decisions or discriminatory practices based on gender, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, political preferences, and socioeconomic tatus. Humans have become fallible and has been subjected to their many flaws by making errors in Judgment, memory, and social attri exclusivelyion. Social psychologists have claimed these biases can be eliminated if the individuals have the motivation and cleverness to change their attitude. According to Fiske (2010), Some people think bias is a thing of the past, and others think it is a real and present danger that targets diverse social groups (p. 28). Moreover, there are subtle and obvious misunderstandings among groups of individuals that affects the bias of people in heir lives, still strategies for change are possible (Fiske, 2010). In this analysis, the concept of prejudice, stereotyping, and contrast will be defined. In the same aspect, the analysis will describe the differences between strident and subtle bias while identifying some common biases that may affect the lives of individuals and Stereotyping, and Discrimination Gender and ethnic stereotypes are inevitable.In the context of affirmative exercise, the inevitability has played an important practical implication. One arguments against affirmative action is that employers and educational administrators should be ender-blind and colorblind in their hiring and recruiting process (Stewart, Weeks, Lupfer, 2003). Individuals are often hurt by discriminatory and prejudicial behaviors and attitudes. The current laws cannot halt prejudicial or stereotyping attitudes, but they can address instances of discrimination. Discrimination, stereotyping, and prejudice are somewhat similar, but they are very different.Prejudice The operational definition involves reacting fervently to an individual on the tush of ones feelings about the group (Fiske, 2010). It is a whimsy that formulated without cons idering the facts. It is also an unwarranted or negative attitude toward a person based on his or her association of a social group. Stereotyping The operational definition entails an individuals cognitive associations and expectations about a group. These expectations will encompass the beliefs about the characteristics of a group (Fiske, 2010). Moreover, it is an indiscriminate belief about a class of people or particular group.Advantage It allows the individual to respond hastily to certain situations because he or she may had a related experience. Disadvantage It will make us ignore the differences between people. Discrimination The operational definition involves acting on the basis of ones prejudices and stereotypes, rebuffing equality of treatment that individuals wish to have (Fiske, 2010). Moreover, it is the negative behavior, or actions toward a group of people or individual on the basis of social/race/gender class. In this context, discrimination can be either blatant o r subtle.Subtle and Blatant Bias In the last two decades, there is no inquiry that women have made strides in the fight for equality. Many can recognize that women have overcome the many prejudices against their participation in the workforce (Earnshaw, 1993). In our society, blatant bias is being replaced by subtle bias to decrease the broad- mindedness for obviously biased behavior. Subtle bias is also acknowledged as modern prejudice. This does not mean that women do not get discriminated at work even though they have achieved equality of opportunity (Earnshaw, 1993).The first generation bias was more hostile towards women who needed to be in home with the children. On this second generation bias, for example, women may get more narrative praise than the male co-workers but low rating point related to Job performance (Earnshaw, 1993). Subtle Bias This particular modern bias is indirect and is manifested by withholding venerate and sympathy. It is ambiguous and sometimes involve s positive and hostile feelings that can cause extreme responses (Fiske, 2010). Blatant Bias This old-fashioned bias ensues as a result of threats to the deal for positive group identity.They include segregation, physical attack, extermination, avoidance, opinion clearly in regard to a particular individual or group. Impact of Social Bias The lives of individuals can be influenced by social biases. Negative outcomes like neglect, hostile environment, or avoidance may be created by discrimination. When a biased individual interacts with an outgroup members, the expressed behavior of the individual will solicit negative and ill attitudes. Prejudice will influence the individuals lives with instances of ageism, sexism, and racism that will affect their career and social life.According to Vaish, Grossman, and Woodward (2008), When adults display a negative bias across an array of psychological situations, they will use the negative information instead of the positive one (p. 383). More over, the negativity bias may serves as an evolutionary adaptive purpose of helping individuals afely explore and examine the environment to avoid harmful situations (Vaish et. al. , 2008). Two Strategies to scourge Social Biases There are several strategies to minimize social biases, such as affirmative action, and equal opportunity laws.The majority of these strategies involve constant intergroup contact. The get word term for a biased individual is change. Old habits die hard but and individual can break those habits. According to Fiske (2010), Intergroup contact and mutual specialisation are two possible strategies to minimize the bias. Intergroup Contact These are interactions between members of different social groups. During the contact, there is equal status in the groups, there are common goals, and there is no competition but cooperation.They are not easy to meet, but they make complete sense (Fiske, 2010). Mutual Differentiation In this context, mutual differentiation is important for two reasons (1) People retain awareness of individuals social identity in the contact situation, and (2) Individuals seem typical in the sense that they represent their own groups (Fiske, 2010). In Conclusion The motivation of change is the key to steer away from social biases. The bias will be the individuals preference toward a peculiar way of viewing or thinking omething. This behavior will be influenced by a certain prejudice.

Becoming an Early Childhood Educator Essay Example for Free

Becoming an Early Childhood Educator EssayU. S. President Barack Obama emphasized on the importance of education in a solid ground for not only one time. He believe that education provide the opportunities to every single citizen to stool on their strengths and ability to fulfill their responsibilities to the country by contribution on specific career in straightaway to build up a pissed country. I strongly agree with his point of view as education is not an individual responsibility but to all. Education is the basis of a country in order to strengthen the economic status and development. Thus, its our responsible toward the society and nation to educate our next generation by provide a positive social and physical environment to instill wholesome character building in young person children. Society now daylight faces variety of problem especially family issue that commonly happens include child abuse, divorce cases, youngster tend to run away from home, abandoned baby a nd etc. One of the factors that caused these issues is privation of realization on importance of education.There is a quote stated If we would amend the world, we should mend our selves and teach our children to be, not what we are, but what they should be. Quote by WILLIAM PENN, nigh Fruits of Solitude) Most of the parent didnt realize their responsibility to their child as a bureau object lesson in the growth of their children during childhood period. They might leave out of exposure on the importance of early childhood education, or they unconsciously neglected their childrens need due to financial pressure in order to provide and maintaining the living standard of family. Thus, its our responsible as an pedagogue to assist the parent on educating our next generation.It is my pleasure to meet a actually dedicated instructor in my life, although she was only teaching me as my class teacher for 1 year but her contribution and the bonding between me and she has brought the gr eater impact to my life. Compare to the teachers of old time with today, sadly to say, there are not much improvement among the quality of educator. Most of the educator are practise for survive, they are lack of the passion and realization on their role and responsibilities, perhaps they do not know how to apply their knowledge on teaching manner accomplishmentfully.In fact, it is the greater satisfaction as an educator to witness the growth of a child from innocence young age to a mature child. This is a most beta period to instill a positive personality in a child as the behavior he practicing now volition bring toward to adulthood and became his characteristic. The greater success of an educator is not the quantity of reward, but the recognition of the effort by the parent, student and society.The most precious and invaluable achievement is to witness the success of wholesome character building on a child when they turned to an adult and continue influence the people appr oximately them with positive attitude. It is hard to achieve the objective of education with single contribution. Therefore it is important to bring unitedly all the educators who having same ideology to work together as a role model to influence people around include the parent, children and colleagues to understand the importance of education.The main responsible of an early childhood educator is to instill the positive character to a child to develop wholesome character include sense of belonging, sense of responsibility, positive moral value, lifelong interestingness on learning, curiosity to the world and psychologically and physically healthy and wealthy. Teacher as the second person after the parent as the role model to a child should practicing good behavior and attitude. Besides, a good teacher knows how to apply the knowledge skillfully to help children fit to the knowledge on their level of understanding without killing their curiosity to the world.On the other hand, educator also played an important role to the parent because society in Malaysia now day is improving along with the realization on the importance of education. However, although the parent understands the importance of education, they are still lack of information in term of knowledge and skill to apply on their children. They are keen to seek for professional advancer and services as the agent of education to their children.In fact, this is a big tempo for the society educator should always work closely and collaboratively with parent to encourage them involve in their childs learning process to create experience and caring environment for the children. The philosophy of a preschool setting that believed and practiced by the entire organization included administrator and teachers determine the process of achieving the goal of an organization. analogous goes to personal philosophy held by a teacher, it is important to work collaboratively on behalf of childrens interest regardle ss personal identity and background.Teachers should be always ready to lend their hand to each other and strive for improvement together by sharing information and joining workshop, seminar or training together. Whenever there is dilemma, teacher should ask for the comment and suggestion without hesitate from senior colleague who forgeting to share their experiences and solve the problem together. Beside, teacher also played a role on providing a safe, healthy, loving and caring environment to young learner to develop sense of belonging and bonding among the children by always staying alert on potential danger and awareness on childs behavior, health, physical and mental needs.Teacher should be always practicing 3R which is responsive, reckon and reciprocal. Consistently interaction with the children is postulate to understand childs unique character and develop trust and respect relationship among children. However, teacher should allow necessary independent learning and respect childs right in order to foster the development of children to prepare the children to be ready for the future challenges in their life. Knowledge on young children development is very important for educator.Therefore educator should be always seeking for improvement to provide highest quality service to the children. A knowledgeable teacher is always stay well informed on the latest update on government decision on education such as changing school syllabus and assessment for the student. Beside, by participate in variety of workshop, seminar and training teacher will learn different teaching method to adapt childrens development milestone. Same goes to courses that offer in colleges and local university it will improve the qualification and knowledge of teacher.By joining professional association, teacher will be always staying informed on the latest teaching approach and able to seek for professional comment from others. On the other hand, teaching should be stay adventurous wh en applying new skill to the children, learn from trial and error by observation and self reflection consistently. Teacher should be sensitive on childs development to evaluate and improving the teaching method creatively in practical way. By understanding different learning radiation diagram of the children, teacher should apply knowledge and skills in plenty ways for children to adapt to the knowledge.In conclusion, a professional early childhood educator should be having mental and physical readily with positive and optimistic attitude, be ready to takes up responsible and handle every dilemma and always strive for improvement. It is very important for an educator understand his/her role on the position held and to be flexible to adapt every changes and different situation. Lastly, enjoyment for the satisfaction of teaching will break the educator to longer journey as time goes by because You never know how much its worth until its gone.

Chupacabra Animal Blood

Chupacabra Animal BloodChupacabraThe horror it has created this unidentify peckerChupacabra is a cryptid ruto a greater extentd to lived in parts of the Americas or the world. It is associated more recently with sightings of an allegedly unknow sensual in Puerto Rico (where these sightings were first reported), Mexico, and the join States, especially in the latters Latin America towns farms and communities. The name comes from the wights reported habit of attack and drinking the smear of livestock, especially prats. Physicals descriptions of the creature vary. Eyewitness sightings have been claimed as early as 1990 in Puerto Rico. It is supposedly as a big creature. well-nigh biologists and wild management officials view the Chupacabra as an urban legend. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra) in that respect are come theories one of them is that some authorities have ventured that chupacabras may actually be a large lamia bat. The worlds three species of blood-sucking bats live predominantly in the warm climates of Latin America where most of the attacks have occurred. But vampire bats do not directly kill their victims they stealthily creep up on their sleeping prey, make painless incisions, and lap up the drip blood. Another theory is that the Chupacabra is the result of secret government experiments in genetics. There is another one called the Alien Theory Disinformation and debunking campaigns appeared organised through flying saucer groups stating Chupacabras belong to a voracious reptilian race of creatures, alien in origin, who have started devouring the populace. (http//cryptozoo.monstrous.com/theories_chupacabra.htm)Since 1990 husbandmans have found corpses of sheep, goats, cows, turkeys, cats, yellow(a)s, with specific penetrating injuries, around their necks and bodies totally, without blood. more or less farmers say that the aggressor is an animal half dog, half wolf and, with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base 0of the tail . The same versions assure that the animal is capable to be stopped being supported in its hind legs and to swim quickly -like ducks-.The animal jumps as kangaroo, measures 1,2 mts of high, has a great snout with eyeteeth and so scarce and fine fur, that it could be told that lacks hair. One thing that it suppose to be true is that the Chupacabra doesnt need to drink blood every nigth, they say that one nighttime each month he got all the necessary to survive the whole month. But in only one night he could eat an unconvincing numbers of goats or chikens or turkeys or rabbit, etc. (www.chupacabra.com)The goatsucker or chupacabra has affected Latin America by sucking blood or take in internal organs of animals like goats, cows, chikens, ducks, cats, dogs, turkeys, rabbits and other small animals in farms, and living less domestic animals. The goatsucker or chupacabra affected the most in Puerto Rico. There have being many cases of asleep(predicate) animals by the characteris tic of a goatsucker eating. Since 1975.Their first known attacks were in March of 1975 in Puerto Rico. Eight sheep were observe dead, each completely drained of blood. Investigators found three strange puncture wounds in the chests of the animals. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra)In July 2004, a rancher near San Antonio, Texas, killed a hairless, dog-like creature named JoAnne, which was attacking his livestock. This creature is now known as the Elmendorf Creature. It was subsequently determined to be an unknown great dealine of some sort, similar to a coyote with demodectic mange. In October 2004, two animals which most resemble the Elmendorf Creature were observed in the same area. The first was dead, and a local zoologist who was called to identify the animal noticed the second while she was travel to the location where the first was found. Specimens of the dead animal were studied by biologists in Texas, who found that the creatures were some sort of canines of an un determined species. (http//www.chupacabrasonline.com/link.two.htm , Raggie Lagow) In April of 2006, MosNews reported that the chupacabra was spotted in Russia for the first time. Reports from Central Russia beginning in March 2005 tell of a beast that kills animals and sucks out their blood. Thirty-two turkeys were killed and drained overnight. Reports later came from neighboring villages when 30 sheep were killed and had their blood drained. Finally eyewitnesses were able to describe the chupacabra. In May of 2006, experts were determined to track the animal down. In mid-August 2006 Michelle ODonnell, described an evil looking rodent-like creature with fangs that had been found dead alongside a road. The mystery beast was apparently struck by a car, and was otherwise unidentifiable. Photographs were taken and several witness reports seem to be in relative agreement that the creature was canine in appearance, only when unlike any dog or wolf in the area. (http//www.chupacabrasonlin e.com/link.two.htm, Michelle ODonnell)In December 2006, a local farmer in Peru claimed to have seen a creature resembling a Chupacabra attacking a wild boar on his farm. The man, who referred to the creature as Zahir, later told the authorities that he feared for his life when he saw the creature devour the boar within minutes. The creature then ran faster than any animal the farmer had ever seen. Shocked at the sight of the creature, the farmer stated that he is haunted by the evil in the Zahirs eyes. The most recent, undocumented sighting of the Chupacabra was in Hawaii on the island of Maui. Witnesses who apparently saw the beast outside of the Kuia Leia Airport described the creature as half dog half human. (February 16, 2007) One calendar week after Chiles Armed Forces released photos and videos of unidentified flying object activity around the country, Chiles mainstream media has erstwhile again gone extraterrestrial with various Chupacabra sightings reported throughout the country. Chupacabra literally translated as goat sucker is the name for a mythical creature known for sucking the blood out of farm animals throughout Latin America and the southern United States. Many enthusiasts speculate that Chupacabras are aliens or escaped alien pets as evidence of the creature is frequently reported in tandem with nearby UFO sightings. While UFO activity is typically reserved for Chiles tabloid press, Chupacabra sightings make big news in Chile, and the countries principle newspaper, El Mercurio, reported Wednesday that Chupacabras are once again causing a stir in the southern cone country. According to the daily, a Chupacabra attacked a henhouse in San Antonio Tuesday evening, leaving every chicken dead, without blood, and with a mysterious orifice on their spines. Flor Vsquez, 73, told police that she could not believe what she saw when she entered her henhouse. All the chickens were dead and were sucked completely dry of blood, she said. But the anima l that did it did not eat a single on of my birds. (El Mercurio, www.chupacabrasonlina.com )My conclusion is that the chupacabra exist, you can say that this is a case like the one of the loch ness monster alone is different because in this case we have evidence like photos, remains, victims, etc. The Chupacabra or goatsucker has beencalled by a lot of names one of them is phenomenoum it can be because it seem to dont be an animal, but another chance is that it can be a creation on a laboratory of some scientifics and it scaped but im not sure about this because it seem to dont be only one. This is another question i couldnt answer, how does it reproduct? Is not only one. How many could they be, but how?. I guees it excuse a mystery but not any more a legend.Bibliography http//www.chupacabrasonline.com/link.two.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabrahttp//cryptozoo.monstrous.com/theories_chupacabra.htm http//tinwiki.org/wiki/El_Chupacabra

Analysing Different Theories Of Competition Economics Essay

Analysing Different Theories Of Competition Economics EssayThe nature of competition and its consequences on key scotch variables, such as values, profits, and growth, have unendingly been important for theoretical and empirical investigation. (Tsalik and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.187)Many non-economist and even many economists use the term competition loosely to apply to securities industrys that we refer to as non- private-enterprise(a) and some(a) plenty use the term competition to refer to a market in which a few price- mendting firms compete vigorously for sales. (Carlton and Perloff, 2005, p.85)Different terms of competition butt joint be applied by the extent of market power.As Ochoa and Glick argued, in comparing competing theories, it is difficult to single out the variables that represent each hypothesis and unrivaled should begin by evaluating the most typical representation of each theory. (Blaug, 1978, p.697)First of all, the essay will present the standard neoclassica l view of competition. In the side by side(p) section, it will show the Austrian review article of the standard theory. Then, turn to the persuade-Keynesian criticism of the neoclassical theory of competition. Lastly, it will focus on the signifi tail endce of the both criticism of the standard neoclassical view of competition.Lets start with standard neoclassical theory of competition generally speaking, neoclassical theorists who are the mainstream economists extended Smiths theory, classical theory, of a market system by formulating several conditions on a lower floor which efficient resources allocation and an optimum level of social welfare would be realised. (Semmler, 1982, p 93) That is to say, in neoclassical theory, thither are largely two main concerns of the school of thought, which are utility maximisation and resource allocation.Moreover, it is also believed that the mainstream microeconomics, neoclassical theory, considers the real world of markets, just as if ascer tained phenomena characterise the fulfilment of equilibrium conditions. match to Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, (1998) competition is regarded as a position of equilibrium that would prevail if in that location would be free clog and entry of firms, in terms of neoclassical view of economics.As Semmler indicated, in terms of neoclassical theory, the main conditions, necessary for a perfectly working competitive market system, are seen as profit maximising producers and utility maximising consumers a sufficiently large effect of market agents no externalities among their activities and perfect mobility of resources between industries and perfect foresight. (Semmler, 1982, p.93)As following the conditions we argued, it can assume that competitive procedures lead prices into equilibrium prices. As Semmler said, (1982) competition can lead disturbances eliminated and an optimal allocation of resources brought. Moreover, throughout the market system the existence of equilibrium prices are gu aranteed. In this manner, both equilibrium and optimisation are regarded as distinctive features of neoclassical theory.In short, under neoclassical theory, Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis give tongue to that the intensity of competition generally depends on the number of sellers and buyers on the market structure of an industry. (Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.188)Therefore, firms competitive behaviour is getting more(prenominal) in force(p) as long as the number of firms in a specific industry is getting larger. As a result of this, Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis argued that competition produces an equilibrium set of prices that induce a Pareto optimal allocation of the economys goods and services. (Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.188)On the contrary, if the number of seller and buyer is getting smaller, the oligopolistic and monopolistic behaviour in the market is getting more and more. Consequently, some prices are above marginal cost and it is shown as underutilisation and underproduction e ven if they have available resources. It is called non-competitive equilibrium position.For that reason, Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis argued that within the standard microeconomic theory of the firm, the industry of profits in excess of normal is al charges associated with market imperfections, and therefore, with some degree of monopoly power. (Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.188)Semmler believed that the features of standard theory need some qualifications, which is there are one-third main qualifications.Firstly, one of the qualifications is quantity theory of competition. As it mentioned above, the intensity of competition in the market can be measured by the quantity theory of competition. It can mean that sufficiently large number of firms can lead to the optimum level closely. Next comes to one of the key assumptions is prices and quantities congregate on the way to an equilibrium goaded by competitive features. Lastly, the elimination of uncertainty, risk and expectation, is the third features of the neoclassical view of key assumptions.Furthermore, in this theory, As Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis mentioned, firms are mainly seen as passive, that is-given the consumers preferences and the technological opportunities-they merely react to parametrically given prices. (Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.188)The work researched by Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis (1998) showed that the market structure of industries tends to be the core factor of neoclassical empirical studies with respect to observed interindustry profit rate differentials. Moreover, they believed that many neoclassical economists consider barriers to entry at least as equally square as the degree of industry concentration. jibe to Vaughn, he argued that the Austrian usage is represented in modern economics by a very vocal, feisty and dedicated subset of the economics profession (Vaughn, 1994, p.11) chiefly speaking, the orgasmes researched by the Austrian writers have contributed to most primary problems of microeconomics, for sure. According to Kirzner, the fundamental theory of Austrian approaches is the conviction that the standard neoclassical microeconomics, for which the Walrasian general equilibrium moulding (in its modern Arrow-Dbreu incarnation) is the analytical core, fails to offer a satisfying theoretical framework for understanding what happens in market economies. (Kirzner, 1997, p.61)In terms of the Austrian approach, imperfect discipline can be decided as involving an element whilst it cannot be a part of neoclassical elements.Modern Austrian theory can be discussed as several main factors, which play a significantly important role in Austrian theory. In the paper, we will focus on two significant element, entrepreneurship and equilibrium concepts to understand Austrian criticism of standard view.The key point of the main factors in understanding the competitive process is entrepreneurship, the driving aspect in the Austrian theory. To understand entrepreneurial disco very approach needs to be aware of understanding actions, conditions and circumstances of entrepreneurs. Moreover, it is also pivotal to understand the nature of uncertainty. In the Austrian theory entrepreneurs always face uncertainties, which are pervasive and which are risks and fundamental uncertainties. Unlike the neoclassical theory, Austrian theory can be stated as unknowable due to the uncertainty. Nevertheless, it is not unimaginable because in Austrians the role of agents imagination, which is an un cognize idea in neoclassical theory, plays pivotal role to create the future.According to Kirzner, the entrepreneurial discovery approach has echoed criticisms of equilibrium economics and have deployed criticisms in seeking to demote the concept of perfect competition from its position of dominance in modern neoclassical theory in order to replace it by notions of dynamic competition. (Kirzner, 1997, p.64)The entrepreneurial discovery approach has been affected by the work dri ven from Mises and from Hayek.In terms of Mises view, he believed that the market is regarded as entrepreneurially driven process under Austrians. Moreover, Hayek focuses on the role of knowledge and its enhancement throughout the market interaction. For Mises, entrepreneurship is charitable action seen from the aspect of the uncertainty inherent in every action (Mises, 1949, p.255) He, also, focus on the importance of entrepreneur who is always every actor in any real and living economy.According to Kirzner (1997), each decision made by neoclassical theory is made within a without doubt known framework. Consequently, it has believed that in neoclassical idea, there is no specific role and opportunity for entrepreneurship differed from Austrian microtheory. It sum that, simply speaking there is nothing entrepreneur can do.In this manner, it shows that whereas each neoclassical decision market operated in a world of given price and output data, the Austrian entrepreneur operates to change price/output data. (Kirzner, 1997, p.70)Now, the essay will focus on the Austrian criticism of the equilibrium idea of the standard neoclassical theory.As Kirzner (1997) mentioned neoclassical economics operates on the assumption that the world reflects the relationships that would prevail in such equilibrium models with the model of competitive equilibrium being the favourite oneHowever, generally speaking, the Austrian approach disagrees and criticises this approach to understanding markets.According to Kirzner (1997), he has believed that the Austrian theory is based on individuals whilst the neoclassical theory considers the individual decision as a mechanized exercise in constrained maximisation. Therefore, it has believed that the process of competition is open-ended for Austrians but not for neoclassical theorists.As Kirzner (1997) argued, Within the neoclassical theory, the only explanatory means for understanding prices and outputs is to admit equilibrium theory. However, under Austrian concepts, it cannot be acceptable.Post-Keynesian economics is essentially a response to the failures of neoclassical theory and its inadequate characterisation of economic activity. (Davis, 1987, p.552)Now, the essay will discuss the significance of Post-Keynesian criticism of the standard neoclassical view of competition.Post-Keynesian economics has passed through the important initial change of mounting a concerted critique of mainstream economics (Arestis, 1996, p.11)In terms of alternative theories of competition, Post -Keynesians are defined as two key factors which are sovereign firms and administered prices foreign neoclassical theory.However, by and large, Post-Keynesians, who are a various set of economists, do not have generally accepted theory of competition. Nevertheless, Kalecki, who set the main tradition of Post-Keynesian theory, argued that the majority of Post-Keynesians maintain the above outlined classical cross-over dynamical process onl y for the primary sector of the economy characterised by a large number of producers, rigid supply in the short run, and flexible prices, which are demand determined (Kalecki, 1969, p.11) Moreover, uncertainty, is one of the most key factors of Post-Keynesians concern, is regarded as a reflection of real-world decision-making.In terms of Lavoies view, he indicated that Post-Keynesians have noted that oligopolies constitute their representative Post-Keynesian industry. They believed that oligopoly is the general state in most markets.Under Post-Keynesian theory, prices are decided by dominant firms not by markets. In this manner, it has believed that prices are administered in accordance with firms objectives, more particularly, prices of finished goods are set by a mark-up pricing on some measure of unit costs not by market clearing prices.Lavoie argued that the issue of the domain of validity of the Post-Keynesian firm by saying that Post-Keynesians assert that there are hardly any markets where prices are not administered by firms. As a result, he indicated that most industries are to some extent imperfect or monopolistic markets, even those that at first sight might appear to be competitive. (Lavoie, M, 1992, p.98)Generally speaking, economic movements in real markets cannot fully explain by one specific theory. For example, according to Davis (1987), in the 1980s the number of individuals both in and outside economics has come to perceive the world beset by economic crisis. However, orthodox neoclassical theory has been largely unresponsive to these developments. Therefore, we need alternative theory to response the problems such as Austrian theory and Post Keynesian theory.We have focused on tree theory, which are standard neoclassical view, Austrian theory, and Post-Keynesian view of competition.Austrian view of competition emphasises on the entrepreneurial rivalry to explain competition whilst Post-Keynesians are determined by dominant firms and adminis tered prices theories.The significance outcome we need to focus in the essay is to evaluate the relevance of the neoclassical orthodoxy, Post Keynesian, and Austrian theories of competition. Therefore, we can examine the appropriate way to contribute problems occurred.

Airport Privatisation The Challenges Way Forward Economics Essay

airdrome Privatisation The Challenges Way Forward Economics EssayTraditionally all the airdromes were owned by the semi cosmos sphere. The European airports in major cities much(prenominal) as Paris, London, Dublin, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Madrid, and Geneva were all owned by national governments. The airports outside Europe identical Tokyo, Singapore, Bangkok, Sydney, and Johannesburg were similarly owned by their countrys government bodies. Elsewhere, the major airports analogous in the U.S. were attendled by local anesthetic or regional governments. Regional airports in Europe too followed this rule. For example, Manchester airport was owned by Manchester City Council and a combination of 8 local regime of nearby towns with 45% self-possession resting with the latter and 55% with the former authority. In Ger many an other(a)(prenominal), Dusseldorf airport was owned by the governments of North Rhine, Westphalia relegate and the city of Dusseldorf together, whereas, the Hanover airport was owned jointly by the governments of Lower Saxony and the city of Hanover.In the 1990s, private or partially privately owned airports became signifi providet. onwards this, the privately owned airports were limited only to the general aviation or to the aeroclub airports. The norm during that period was that the man self-will, i.e. the government handled the airport operations at least at a local or majorly at national level. This had a major impact on the operations of the airport and its degree of independence. The strictest form of discipline existed when the government had direct control over the airport, for example the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), Ministry of Transport or, in few cases, the military. This was ordinarily practiced in Asia, the philia East, Africa and South America. In Canada, 150 technical Canadian airports were directly controlled by The State Department of Transport. Within Europe, Greece was a good example where CAA controlled al l the airports in effect(p)ly.In nearly cases, semi-autonomous bodies and companies, those were still downstairs the public ownership owned the airports. Some organizations managed more than whiz airport, British aerodromes Authority (BAA) and Aer Rianta Irish Airports were good examples in Europe. other airport authorities and companies as well as existed that operated just now one major airport. This was the case at Amsterdam airport and many German airports. In the U.S., airport authorities as well existed for some of the airports, such(prenominal) as the Minneapolis-Saint Paul Metropolitan Airports Commission. In some cases, multipurpose transport authorities which operated other modes of transport also operated airports, such as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey or Massport in Boston.There were also examples of airports where companies which were publicly owned managed the airports at concession for the interchange government. For example, the major Italian airports like Venice and Milan were controlled by public share readings and perhaps some private shareholdings at concession for long terms, such as 60 years. The concession could cover direction of the total airport operations and handling dish ups like Milan and Turin or just some of the operations like terminal forethought and handling military services like Palermo. At French regional airports, the concessions were given to the local chambers of commerce, but national government holding some control over the airfield facilities. For example, at the Zurich airport, the planning and the overall operation of the airport and the airfield infrastructure is controlled by the Zurich Airport Authority, which is owned by the Canton of Zurich, age a mixed public private company, named FIG, managed and constructed the terminal infrastructure.CommercializationThe publicly owned and strictly controlled airports were historically considered as a public utility for the public service obl igations. As a ending, the airport industry was non considered as a business governing industry but a general public service transport trunk. However, in the 1970s and 1980s the perspective towards airport caution changed as the industry grew towards airline privatization and de jurisprudence. Many airports then were considered more of a commercial industry and businesslike management philosophy was choose. Thus the airport industry around the world took steps towards commercialization with Europe as its leader. However, airports in areas like Africa and South America mostly stuck on to the traditional way and experienced less changes.The coming of commercialization was seen in many different steps. For instance, many independent airport authorities and airport companies with public shareholders were established resulting in less government control over airports. This gave airports more of operational and commercial freedom and also gave private sector investment and partners hip more chances. In 1972, the International Airports Authority of India was established to manage Indias four international airports. In 1986, content Airports Authority took control of the domestic airports in the country. These two merged in 1995. In Canada, where the Transport Canada was in direct control of the countrys major airports, passed its airport management completely to individual non-profit-making authorities in a long-term lease in the 1990s. its main reason was to improve its capability and integrate it to the local economy.During the commercialization process, airport management was focused upon operational aspects like financial management, non-aeronautical revenue generation and airport marketing. Many airport directors and senior managers were operational specialists. This credit of commercialization resulted in elaboration of staff members and operational resources. Also the typical departments for finance, administrations, operations, and so on was replace d with new department or business units like customer pauperisms, passenger and airline services.One of the most significant changes during commercialization was an increased focus on the non-aeronautical revenues and commercial revenues. Aeronautical revenues such as landing and passenger fee from the airlines had been the most important source. In most of the airports, mainly European airports, non-aeronautical revenues overtook aeronautical revenues as the most important source. For example, Amsterdam airport first account of its higher non-aeronautical revenue when compared to its aeronautical revenue. This was due to large space allocation to commercial retail shops and other non-aeronautical facilities.In the past, it was very difficult to obtain a true indication of an airports financial and frugal performance. Often the government would undertake normal public accounting practices specific to its country and would use public sector rather than more standard commercial p rocedure. This resulted in difficulty in comparing it with the other organizations. In some cases, airports hail and revenues were considered as one position only within the government departments financial accounts. Therefore no specific profits from the airports could be determined. In the 1970s and 1980s, more commercial accounting practices were select in most of the airports. This was mainly due to less control in the hands of the government. For example, in 1987, all major airports in the U.K. became public limited companies (plc). This meant that these airports adopted commercial private sector accounting procedures. One example of this was when Geneva airport became an independent authority in 1994, it began to show balance sheets and asset determine in its one-year accounts, which previously was ignored.PrivatizationDuring the 1970s and the 1980s, commercialization took great strides in the growth of airports around the globe. But it was during 1990s when privatization became a reality. But what is actually meant by privatization? In its broadest sense, it usually means the transfer of airport management, and sometimes ownership as well, to the private sector.Privatization of publicly owned airports had many arguments both supporting and against it. Privatization reduces the need of public sector investment and provides access to commercial sectors. It reduces government control and interference enabling the organization to diversify. It whitethorn also increase the operational efficiency of the airport, induces ambition and payment of incentives for management and employee staff to perform well. There were some maturations that took place in the 1970s and 1980s which strengthened the reasons for airport privatization to occur in some countries. For example in North America and Europe, de legislation resulted in the growth of the airports which meant the existing airport readiness could not cope with this growth. Privatization of airports was considered as a means of injecting additional finance into the airport systems to pay for the future investments. In addition to this, public sector funding became very scarce in the modern-day global stinting climate as government thought of reducing their spending and turned to non-revenue-earning activities like education and health.Privatization also has some adverse effect like it may create a private monopoly which charges extra for same or lesser standards of services, invests inadequately and gives less consideration to externalities like controlling environmental impacts and maintaining social justice. Less favorable employment condition may occur and redundancies may occur. From a point of view, airport privatization can be considered as just an evolutionary development of the aviation industry. Airports evolved from public sector utility to commercial enterprises and privatization can be considered as commercialization taken to its limits. Increased commercialization has brought close good profits and market oriented management.The increase in number of airport privatization around the world has shown us that this method has boffoly achieved ways to face up some problems that could be faced by the airports in the 21st century. However, this in some countries where publicly owned organizations are considered as national or regional assets being transferred to private companies could be a sensitive political issue. It brings fear that the focus would be then shifted to private shareholders and the customer needs will be neglected. Privatization of airports may sustain different views among different groups and even between the local and national government. As a result, it should not be thought that commercialization everlastingly leads to privatization. A good example for this is the Manchester airport, which runs on a very commercial basis, but has no desire to undergo privatization.Types of PrivatizationAirports are one of the most cute o rganizations for investors, for many reasons. Firstly, the aviation industry has a unique growth rate. Many airports, mainly the major airports have less or no competition, from the airports and also from other modes of transports. It is difficult to enter into the airport industry as it requires heavy cracking investment and also difficult to find an appropriate and convenient locations where airport development is allowed. However, there are risks also available such as the political interference in the form of airport regulation and control over airport development as there is deregulation and greater collaborations through alliances.According to the document prepared by Carney and Mew in 2003, the slips of privatization can be in general classified into 5 typesShare floatationTrade saleConcessionProject finance privatizationManagement contractThe selection of the most appropriate type of privatization for the airports is done by a series of colonial decision-making process i n which the reasons for privatizing is checked by fulfilling certain conditions.Share FloatationThe first type, i.e., the share flotation or Initial Public Offering (IPO), where the airport share capital is issued, and look atd on the stock market. The Management or the public owners are given elections to rise shares.In this type, the government or the public owners give up the total or partial ownership according to the shares open, transferring economical control and risks to the new shareholders. primarily this type of privatization has shown positive results with promising economic growth rate and limited competition as the capital investments are too high for the risk to be taken. Even when total privatization occurs, the government has a certain degree of influence by issuing a golden share so that the national interests can be secured in extreme cases.Trade SaleIn this type of privatization, some parts of the airport or the total airport is sold to a trade partner or a consortium of investors, through a public tender. The trade sales which took place in the 1990s had strategic partners composite rather than just passive investors. As a result, the managerial and technological expertise was considered while agreeing on a sale.ConcessionWith this type of formation, an airport management company or consortium will purchase a concession or lease to operate the privatized airport for a defined period of time, commonly between 20 and 30 years, again usually through a tendering process. Financial terms and the types of lease will vary but typically this option will involve an initial payment and a guaranteed level of investment and/or payment of an annual fee. Hence this tends to be a more complex approach, which has high transactions be and needs to carefully designed and implemented to ensure that the private contracts achieve the government policy objectives.Project Finance PrivatizationWith this option, a company will usually build or redevelop a nd then operate an airport or specific adroitness, such as a terminal, for a certain distance of time, typically 20-30 years. This company may be totally private or may be a private-public partnership. At the end of this period, ownership will revert to the government owners. Thus this approach can be viewed as a particular type of concession agreement. Generally such an arrangement will not usually require a large upfront payment but the operating company will bear all the costs of mental synthesis or re-developing the facility. When it is built, the company will have to cover the operating costs but will also retain most revenues (often after nonrecreational an annual fee to the government) until the facility is handed back. Thus, the airport company will take full economic risk for investment and operations. There are a number of project finance privatization methods with the most popular being build-operate-transfer (BOT) when, as the name suggests, the company will build th e facility, operate it for a certain length of time and then transfer ownership back to the government. Other similar models include build-transfer (BT), build-rent-transfer (BRT) or design-construct-manage-finance (DCMF). Other options may actually involve the ownership of the facility such as build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) or rehabilitate-own-transfer (ROT) projects. All these methods, however, are often referred to by the generic term BOT.Management ContractThe least radical privatization option is a management contract when ownership remains with the government and the contractors take responsibility for the day-to-day operation of the airport, usually for a period of 5-10 years. The government either pays an annual management fee to the contractor, usually related to the performance of the airport, or the contractor will pay the government a share of its revenues. Normally investment will remain the responsibility of the government owner and so the overall economic risk is s hared between the owner and the management company. For the government owner this may be politically more acceptable, whereas for the contractor such an arrangement may be attractive in countries where greater financial exposure, through a trade sale, for example, may be seen as too great a risk.OverviewThe overall reason for this report is to analyze the effects of ownership change on the economic growth of the industry. The main success of privatization is not by attaining maximum airport profits but by providing quality service with continuously improvising efficiency and maintaining cost of charges.There are a number of lessons that can be learnt from this experienceThe cost of capital is found to be too high in the plc privatization model. cogency is optimized when the business is outsourced.Performance can be improvised even without ownership change.It is difficult to reach objectives to provide quality, cheap, and safe service simultaneously.Privatization is not a successful option unless customer needs are not kept in priority for the growth and development.Customers have gained some from privatization, in terms of lower prices sex act to the public ownership organizations, but not by a lot.Identifying ChallengesVienna International Airport (VIA), AustriaPrivatization resulted in inadequate investment and high charges for customers.Before privatization, deal had high costs. The weak economic regulation did not help much to change this providing no incentive to improve efficiency, provide adequate investment, or hold back monopoly profits. This is due to the direct regulation of charges from the government.Due to the classic monopolist behavior, profit margins are restricted. As a result, insufficient incentives are being produced which cannot but pay for the cost-efficient investments for the future of the airport.Zurich Airport (ZRH), SwitzerlandThe independent TRL Charges Index of the top-50 airports worldwide ranks Zurich Airport as the 10th cost liest airport in the world.Due to the collapse of Swissair, capacity constraints have emerged at the Zurich Airport. As a result it is the least profitable airport among the top 50 airports.Absence of an independent economic regulation resulted in low incentives for higher efficiency.The airport has switched from single-till to dual-till which resulted in the aeronautical revenue to bear all the cost of aircraft and passenger service.Auckland International Airport (AIA), New ZealandAbsence of an effective economic regulation, due to which they charge excessively on their customers for higher incentives.Asset base and operational cost valuation of the AIA is remarkably high due to its dominant market position. Moreover the cost of capital used by AIA also appears to be extremely high. These appear to be the reasons for high base for charges.Sydney International Airport (SYD), AustraliaAlthough the service quality is complimented by passengers, airlines are less satisfied and charges are high.The prices rose high in 2001, giving reasons that it would help SYD earn a commercial rate of return.SYD also switched to Dual-till therefore the aeronautical revenue is only confined to cover the aircraft and passenger service charges.The ACCC, similar to the Competition Commission in the U.K., is not influential enough to encourage SYD to increase their efficiency as there is no incentive-based price cap.Perth Airport (PER), AustraliaHuge price rise in service charges with no improvement in services or any significant capital investment.Absence of economic regulation, asset evaluation and the use of dual-till all this result in increase in charges for the customers.Ezeiza International Airport (EZE), ArgentinaPrivatization meant very bad for the customers. High charges for the structure, under-investment and poor quality of service to the customers.Absence of an independent economic regulator has led to very high service charges. It also resulted to a very confrontational relationship between the government, airport operator and the customers.Capacity constraints have been dealt very poorly. Under-investments due to payment of high royalties.No competition between service providers led to high customer charges with low standards of service.Athens International Airport (AIA), GreeceService quality is good to the customers but comes at a very high price. It ranks the 3rd highest charges in the world.No consultation with the airline customers on building of the new airport, therefore high cost and inefficient investment.The rate-of-return economic regulation creates no incentives for improving efficiency and permits monopoly profits. If the profits are not met within one year, then the regulator allows charges to be raised in order to recoup.The AIA also uses the dual-till. This means the aeronautical revenue is confined only to the aircraft charges and passenger charges which should have been also used for the commercial charges.There has been over 20 years since privatization of infrastructure providers started in different industries. Although, considerable rise of amounts had been achieved by privatizing many publicly owned companies fully or partially, general public and customer interest had not been one of the major concerns. From the identified challenges brought into light due to privatization of airports all around the globe, some prominent issues like cost inefficiency, high charges due to no independent economic regulation in existence. The cost of capital is too high under the plc privatization model. There is no improvisation in the efficiency and quality of customer services to cope with low or minimal incentives.The privatization of airports has also brought the issue of capacity, financial and environmental constraints into light. This resulted in potential discrimination between incumbent and new airline companies. Expanding capacity at new major airports require huge amounts of capital, where public sector fund ing might not be sufficient, therefore private sector investment has to be considered. But for future investments, incentives and service charges have to be rightly considered and revised.Compacting StrategiesAn efficient economic regulation is necessary to regulate the cost of capital, the asset and resource valuation and to control the service charges according to the quality of service provided. It is also needed to improvise the quality of service provided to airlines and customers according to the incentives. It has to optimize the use of given space capacity, both for aircrafts and passengers.An efficient economic regulation system is appropriate for bringing a balance between the service provided and service charges by setting up a fair and efficient charging system for airports infrastructure. It may encourage private investors to invest and take control of commercial management.It is noticed through history that airports when operated with commercial outlook, the performanc e, efficiency and financial situation is improved, whether it may be publicly owned or privately owned. Airports governed by national or local governments should be allowed some degree of freedom to run more like a commercial type and unnecessary regulations should be lifted.British Airports Authority (BAA), U.K.Excellent example of how to privatize an airport successfully, by implementing effective economic regulation of assets.Since privatization, the company has diversified. It started managing airports overseas with equal stakes and concentrating on particularly the non-aeronautical revenue generation at the airports.Effective economic regulation has been precise for the success of privatization, which correct the aeronautical revenue considerably low and maintaining good quality of services.The existence of a Competition Commission has resulted in effective regulation of charges by keeping the customers interest in mind.The price-caps are given a regular check in order to pr event the increase in airport profits in excess of the cost of capital. This avoids inefficient investment which would lead to excessive charging of customer services.Revision of incentives for better services keeps the quality of service good and also in improvisation. If neglected, it would lead to poor quality of service in order to increase airport profits.Single-till is the mode of airport accounts management. In this method, both the aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenues are taken into account during setting the airport charges.Copenhagen Airport (CPH), DenmarkRelatively successful privatization with quality service and relatively low airport charges.Effective economic regulation has been critical for the success of this privatization. This controlled the aeronautical revenue relatively low and quality of service high.Improvisation in the efficiency of services was the key to its success since shareholders are also benefitting.The regulation put price-caps by negotiation with the airline customers, if this failed, then incentive based charges are assigned to improve efficiency of the services.Brussels Airport (BRU), BelgiumThe economic regulation brought customers into reassurance by setting appropriate charges.With respect to the rate-of-return policy, little incentives are produced for cost efficiency improvements to reduce airport charges.ConclusionPrivatization brought drastic changes as the ownership changed from public owners like national or local government to private sector ownership. But commercialization is of greater asset than privatization. Increasing the airport profits, expansion of airport capacity and economic growth happens by undertaking commercial type of management. The public owners can increase the revenue generation by liberalisation and allowing the airports more degree of freedom.Effective economic regulation is critical for successful privatization as capital investment is high therefore there is less competition for priv ate sector investment. The economic regulation is highly necessary for creating incentives, which would help in improvisation of quality of service and increasing efficiency and would restrain monopolies created by privatization and allow sharing of airport profits with the customers by reducing customer service charges. A regulatory committee in association with the economic regulation could be considered highly beneficial as they would complement each others price-capping by keeping the customers and the airports cost of capital into consideration.For successful privatization, customers should be considered as key stakeholders in the development and expansion. The pricing infrastructure should be set by keeping the customers interest as one of the most important criteria in making capital investments for growth and future development.

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Konsep pembelajaran sepanjang hayat (PSH) ataupun lifelong learning bukanlh merupakan satu perkara yang asing lagi dalam sistem pendidikan negara ekoran daripada perubahan persekitaran baru di mana sekotor ekonomi pada sekarang berasaskan pengetahuan atau K-ekonomi menjadi keutamaan. Justeru itu, institut pendidikan guru hendaklah menerapkan nilai pembelajaran sepanjang hayat dan kemahiran untuk berfikir pada aras tinggi (KBAT). Budaya ilmu ini sangat penting, oleh itu, pengamalan budaya membaca dalam kalangan guru pelatih telah lama dipraktikkan oleh warga IPG malah ia sudah menjadi sebahagian intipati budaya oleh IPG. Di samping itu pelajar-pelajar di IPG bukan sahaja diterapkan dengan nilai pembelajaran sepanjang hayat sahaja, malah guru-guru pelatih di IPG juga telah dilatih untuk meningkatkan teknik pengajaran dalam bilik darjah. Keberkesanan aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam bilik darjah juga akan memberikan impak maksima kepada pelajar keraana persekitaran pembelajara n yang kondusif akan memudahkan para pelajar untuk lebih cekap dalam menimba ilmu. Oleh itu, bakal guru yang menuntut di IPG juga diajar dengan pelbagai jenis dan kemahiran mengajar untuk menarik minat pelajar semasa proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran di dalam kelas. Contohnya, penggunaan alat bantu pengajaran telah memudahkan lagi kerja guru dalam menyampaikan pengajarannya dan kaedah melakukan kerja dalam kumpulan juga telah mewujudkan suasana yang seronok untuk belajar dalam kalangan pelajar. Dengan ini guru bukan sahaja melahirkan insan yang berilmu tinggi malah mengamalkan budaya pembelajaran sepanjang hayat agar modal insan yang dihasilkan kelak akan dapat memacu kegemilangan negara sehingga ke peringkat global. Hal ini adalah sangat wajar kerana... ...dunia juga bermaksud kemampuan dan pencapaian cemerlang Malaysia dalam membangunkan sektor pendidikan negara agar kita dapat mempellopori perubahan dan kemajuan dinamis iaitu pembangunan tenaga manusia, kecemerlangan budaya fik ir dan pembangunan teknologi dan sains. Jika system pendidikan disusun dengan dirangka dengan telus dan terbaik, maka negara kita akan dapat mengurangkan lagi kadar buta huruf yang berlaku kepada pelajar terutamanya kepada mereka yang bersekolah di kawasan luar bandar.Pendidikan bertaraf dunia juga merupakan satu komitmen dan usaha Kementerian Pendidikan bagi memperbaik kualiti pendidikan negara agar ia dapat dilonjakkan kepada satu standard yang tinggi dan mampu menyaingi negara-negara maju yang lain, pendidikan juga merupakan salat satu langkah penting untuk mengangkat martabat dan status Malaysia salam dunia pendidikan di peringkat global.

Unprogessive Advances :: essays research papers

The MP3We are born savage and self-centered, and then, unless we move to Hollywood, we get over it. We become civilized. We enter a state in which we look that sharing is good. John Perry BarlowIn the past few years record sales have plummeted to an all time low, the record pains has since been frantically searching for the crack in the dyke a reason for all this. The most obvious target that has been chosen by these corporations is the act of internet file sharing, much specifically the programs that run these services same(p) the previously shut down Napster and the currently battling Kazaa. There is no doubt that file sharing is a performer in declining record sales but does it really deserve all the blame? Maybe todays mainstream music lacks a certain pure tone that would normally motivate a consumer to purchase the CD. There are many factors that could cause declining sales, one of them being file sharing but does the record diligence really have the power to classify our right to share as illegal?The number of users for file swapping programs is in the billions. In its height Napster held 36 million people in the palm of its hand, and since the program has shut down more and more like it have been sprouting too fast for the recording industry to shut them down (Gaither,2). The companies that are filing suit apparently expect us to be sympathetic towards them because they arent rolling in the dough like they used to. A CD costs me about $20 after taxes, as a college student and normal person that money is better spent doing time in my bank account, it is almost the same lifestyle as subsistence farming. If I can receive the same music for free over the internet than why bother giving more money to excessive rock stars or silicone divas. The richest of the rich seem to be the only ones complaining as well, small time acts such as Battery Park practically rely on the free trade of music over the internet, mainly because they cannot put up with airplay on major radio or television stations. It is the only way for bands like these to be heard. Lead singer J. Brown of Battery Park barely admits that Downloads dont necessarily equate to sales, we hope they like what they hear and want to hear more so theyll purchase the CD.